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| | | |  Home  Disease Index Types of Kidney Failure
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| TYPES OF KIDNEY FAILURE |  |
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 | Overview |
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Acute renal failure is sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes. ("Acute" means sudden, "renal" refers to the kidneys).
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| Causes |
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The kidneys filter wastes and excrete fluid by using the bloodstream's own natural pressure. There are numerous potential causes of damage to the kidneys.
 Decreased blood flow -- this may occur when there is extremely low blood pressure caused by trauma, complicated surgery, septic shock, hemorrhage, or burns; associated dehydration; or other severe or complicated illnesses.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) -- may occur when tissues aren't getting enough oxygen or when the renal artery is blocked or narrowed (see acute arterial occlusion of the kidney and renal artery stenosis).
Over-exposure to metals, solvents, radiographic contrast materials, certain antibiotics, and other medications or substances.
Myoglobinuria (myoglobin in the urine) -- this condition may be caused by rhabdomyolysis, alcohol abuse, a crush injury, tissue death of muscles from any cause, seizures, and other disorders.
Direct injury to the kidney.
Infections such as acute pyelonephritis or septicemia.
Urinary tract obstruction, such as a narrowing of the urinary tract (stricture), tumors, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis or enlarged prostate with subsequent acute bilateral obstructive uropathy.
Severe acute nephritic syndrome.
Disorders of the blood, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), transfusion reaction, or other hemolytic disorders, malignant hypertension and disorders resulting from childbirth, such as bleeding placenta abruptio or placenta previa can damage the kidneys.
Autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma can cause acute renal failure.
In young children, hemolytic uremic syndrome is an increasingly common cause of acute renal failure. A toxin-secreting bacterium, Escherichia coli, found in contaminated undercooked meats, has been implicated as the cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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| Symptoms |
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decreased urine output
 decreased urine volume (oliguria)
no urine output (anuria)
urination, excessive at night (can occur in some types of renal failure)
ankle, feet, and leg swelling
generalized swelling, fluid retention
decrease in sensation, especially the hands or feet
decreased appetite
metallic taste in mouth
persistent hiccups
changes in mental status or mood
agitation
drowsiness, lethargy
delirium or confusion
coma
fluctuating mood
difficulty paying attention (attention deficit)
hallucinations
slow, sluggish, movements
seizures
hand tremor
nausea, vomiting
may persist for days
morning sickness
vomiting blood
prolonged bleeding, bruising easily
stools, bloody
nosebleed
growth, slow (child 0-5 years)
flank pain
fatigue
ear noise/buzzing
breath odor
breast development in males
blood pressure, high.
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| Complications |
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| What is kidney failure? |
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The function of the kidneys is, among other things, to get rid of the waste products that result from the body's metabolism. One of the major by-products of the metabolism of protein (muscle) is urea. The kidneys remove the waste products by extracting them from the blood and sending them along the ureter to the bladder, from where they are excreted in the urine.
If the kidney function fails, the waste products accumulate in the blood and the body. The term for this build-up is azotaemia.
If the kidney function fails, the waste products accumulate in the blood and the body. The term for this build-up is azotaemia.
If the kidney (or renal) failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms, it is called uraemia.
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| What causes renal failure? |
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Renal failure can happen rapidly - over days, weeks or months (acute renal failure) or slowly over a period of years (chronic renal failure).
Acute renal failure
This may occur with any serious illness or operation, particularly those complicated by severe infection. If the blood supply to the kidneys is reduced considerably from blood loss, a fall in blood pressure, severe dehydration or lack of salt, then the kidneys may be damaged. If this problem lasts long enough there can be permanent damage to the kidney tissue.
Sudden blockage to the drainage of urine from the kidney can cause damage. A kidney stone is a possible cause of this.
Acute kidney damage can occur as a rare side effect of some medications and other rare conditions. Chronic renal failure
There are many causes of chronic renal failure, including inflammatory conditions affecting the kidney tissue, as a complication of long-standing diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes), chronic blockage to the drainage of the kidneys and as a result of certain inherited conditions such as polycystic kidney disease. Often, the cause has occurred many years earlier and cannot be identified.
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| What are the symptoms? |
| Risk Factor |
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Chronic renal failure usually occurs over a number of years as the internal structures of the kidney are slowly damaged. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms. In fact, progression may be so gradual that symptoms do not occur until kidney function is less than one-tenth of normal.
Chronic renal failure results in the accumulation of fluid and waste products in the body, causing azotemia and uremia. Azotemia is the buildup of nitrogen waste products in the blood. It may occur without symptoms. Uremia is the state of ill health resulting from renal failure. Most body systems are affected by chronic renal failure. Fluid retention and uremia can cause many complications.
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| Overview |
| Causes |
| Symptoms |
| Risk Factor & Complications |
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