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Home Disease Index Multiple myeloma
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Overview |
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is a malignant tumour of a type of white blood cell (the plasma cell). Blood cells of all types are made in the bone marrow, which in adults occupies the central position of bones such as the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis and skull. White blood cells are there to protect against infection and make antibodies, which are specialised proteins capable of 'recognising' invading foreign substances or organisms - 'antigens'.
is a cancer of that, as a result, make excessive amounts of antibody (termed paraprotein or 'M' band). In common with all cancers, the plasma cells in myeloma are identical ('clonal'), because they originate from a single abnormal cell that starts to multiply out of control. The protein produced is, therefore, also identical ('monoclonal' meaning the product of a single clone). has three main effects. First, it affects the bone marrow and the immune system, and can cause increased susceptibility to infection. Second, it affects the skeleton and can cause localised damage (termed 'lytic lesions' - they are almost like holes punched in the bone where a local deposit of cells exists). These lesions are often painful and may predispose to fracture or crushing of the bone. Thirdly, can cause damage to the kidneys, as a consequence of a variety of mechanisms (see below).
It is the commonest form of cancer of blood cells, accounting for 15 per cent of all blood cancers. There are about 2500 new cases per annum in the UK, giving rise to 10-15,000 patients with the condition at any one time. The overall incidence is rising, and is higher in Afro-Caribbeans.
is treatable, but it cannot be considered a curable condition. |
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Causes |
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Symptoms |
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The most important consequences of are described below.
Typically back pain or sometimes pain in a limb due to a localised deposit of within the bone (a 'lytic lesion'). The pain might be dull and spread over a general area when due to infiltration of the bone marrow or skeleton, or it might be well localised to a local tumour deposit. The affected bone may fracture or crush, causing severe pain. If a fracture occurs in the spine of the neck, chest or upper lumbar region, the damaged bone may press upon the spinal cord and cause neurological symptoms (eg pain or numbness in the abdomen or legs, or incontinence).
Bone marrow failure
The presence of the great numbers of reduces the bone marrow's capacity to make normal blood cells, causing anaemia (reduced red cells), infection (reduced white cells) or bruising and bleeding (reduced platelets). Anaemia can occur for a number of reasons. It occurs in anyone who is unwell, particularly when suffering from cancer or infection (so-called 'anaemia of chronic disease'). Myeloma can cause loss of appetite and weight loss, which may partly be due to increased levels of cytokines in the blood. Later in the course of the disease, anaemia can result from the development of kidney failure as the kidneys have an important role in the manufacture of blood. Myeloma treatment can also cause
Infection
This can occur due to a number of factors. In addition to reduced , patients lack normal levels of functional antibodies in the blood, and so are less equipped to deal with antigens. Such infections are typically due to bacteria (urinary tract, skin and chest infections) or viruses (colds, flu, shingles). The paraprotein can also interfere with the process of engulfment of bacteria by white cells (phagocytosis).
Kidney failure
If the paraprotein produced by the is of a smaller molecular size it may get through the first part of the kidney's filtering mechanism and then silt up the rest of the fine network of tubes (tubules) within the kidney, leading to kidney failure. These small paraproteins are known as Bence Jones protein, or 'light chains'. Most light chain production occurs alongside that of the larger produced by the abnormal plasma cells, but in 20 per cent of people with light chains only are produced. This is important because in the latter there is no abnormal paraprotein in the blood, and the diagnosis can be made only if the urine is checked for the presence of light chains. Other causes of kidney damage in include the increased blood level of calcium (due to skeletal damage), infection and, later in the course of the disease, as a side effect of some of the drugs required to treat
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is a condition related to myeloma. In one type (AL amyloid) a clone of make only part of an antibody molecule (the light chain), which can be deposited in a range of tissues to cause damage. These tissues include kidney, heart, liver, skin and nerves.
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to nerves causes sensory problems (numbness, tingling) or, more rarely, motor problems (inability to move a muscle or group of muscles).
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can interfere with the function of white blood cells and can stop platelets from working properly, increasing the likelihood of bruising and bleeding.
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of circulating protein in the blood can increase the volume of plasma that the heart has to pump around, and this can cause 'heart failure'. It can also increase the thickness of the blood (viscosity), particularly if it is a type of myeloma resulting in production of a large antibody (IgM or IgA rather than IgG). Normal blood is about twice as viscous as water, whereas blood in this type of may be five or six times more viscous than water. Blood flow in the small arteries of the eye and brain is therefore impaired, which can cause visual symptoms (blurred vision), headaches and confusion.
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Therapy |
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Risk Factors |
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