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Home Disease Index Anaemia (Iron Deficiency)

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Overview

Causes

Symptoms
Risk Factor

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What is anaemia?

 


Anaemia is a deficiency of red blood cells, which can lead to a lack of oxygen-carrying ability, causing unusual tiredness and other symptoms. The deficiency occurs either through the reduced production or an increased loss of red blood cells. These cells are manufactured in the bone marrow and have a life expectancy of approximately four months.



What causes iron deficiency?

 


Most cases of iron deficiency in children are caused by eating a poor diet containing little iron. In adults, however it is most commonly caused by losing blood faster than the body can remake it.

A lack of iron in the diet is common in vegetarians because the main general dietary source is red meat. Babies can develop iron deficiency, especially if they have been born prematurely. Their storage of iron is usually not completed until the final stages of pregnancy.

An increased need for iron arises when a large amount of cell divisions occur, such as during pregnancy, and during periods of rapid childhood growth.

Reduced absorption from the intestine of iron can be caused by diseases of the small intestine such as gluten intolerance (coeliac sprue) or Crohn's disease (inflammation of the intestine).

Always consult a doctor for unexplained iron deficiency. The cause could be small ruptures in the intestine due to cancer or polyps (small growths). Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum can also lead to iron deficiency anaemia. This loss of blood from the digestive tract may be so slight as to be undetected on its own.

Iron deficiency is more frequent in women who smoke, eat a diet low in iron and have heavy periods.



What are the symptoms of anaemia due to iron deficiency?

 


If a person is otherwise healthy, symptoms seldom appear before the haemoglobin (red pigment) drops below 10g/dl.
The first symptoms will be tiredness and palpitations (awareness of the heartbeat).
Shortness of breath and dizziness is common.
If the anaemia is severe, angina (chest pain), headache and leg pains (intermittent claudication) can occur.

Besides the general symptoms of anaemia there will be unique symptoms in pronounced and long-term cases of iron deficiency. These will be especially noticeable in the tongue and throat and include:
a burning sensation in the tongue.
dryness in the mouth and throat.
sores at the corners of the mouth.
an altered sense of touch.
a smooth tongue.
in extreme cases the nails can become brittle and spoon shaped with vertical stripes and a tendency to fray.
or a 'pica' can arise - an insatiable craving for a specific food, eg liquorice.
brittle hair.
difficulty
in swallowing.



Risk Factors

 


Shortness of breath, palpitation and angina.
Iron deficiency can in rare cases cause permanent changes to the mucosa (soft lining) in the throat (Plummer-Vinson syndrome). This condition is a preliminary stage to cancer.


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