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Home Disease Index HIV and AIDS

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Overview

Causes
Symptoms
Risk Factor

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Overview

 

What is HIV?

HIV means 'human immunodeficiency virus'. As with all other kinds of virus, HIV does not have an individual metabolism and, therefore, has to attack other living cells and use their metabolism to make copies of itself. Unfortunately, HIV attacks some of the cells that are vital to a healthy immune system, including the white blood cells known as T-helper cells or CD4 cells.

At the start of HIV infection - the primary HIV infection - there are two possible outcomes. You can either have a short, flu-like illness that occurs one to six weeks after infection, or a so-called 'dumb' infection with no symptoms at all. However, even if you do not have any symptoms you can still infect other people.

Six to 12 weeks after the infection, the white blood cells have produced so many antibodies against HIV that they can be measured in the blood. If you have HIV antibodies in your blood, you are HIV-positive (HIV+). The infected person will feel well for a long time, but the infection is still active inside the body and the virus, which can infect and destroy new blood cells, is constantly being produced. The number of T-helpers in the blood will slowly be reduced and when, after a number of years, the immune system has been weakened, the infected person will start showing symptoms of AIDS.

Without treatment, it takes an average of nine years for AIDS to develop after initial infection with the HIV virus.

What is AIDS?

AIDS means 'acquired immune deficiency syndrome'. It is a condition that sets in when the HIV virus has killed so many T-helper cells that the immune system is no longer able to recognise and react to attacks from everyday infections. HIV may also attack the nervous system. A number of different symptoms can be observed.

  • fatigue.
  • inexplicable weight loss.
  • repeated bronchial and skin infections that do not react to normal treatment.
  • fever.
  • swollen nodes.
  • diarrhoea.
  • small, deep ulcers often preceded by small blisters.
  • night sweats.
  • outbreak of previous infections that have remained dormant (herpes, toxoplasmosis, shingles and other conditions).
  • so-called 'opportunistic infections' - serious infections by micro-organisms of the type normally prevented by the immune system. These in turn could lead to a number of related illnesses such as cancer or dementia.
  • in the end, the disease can become so serious that the infected patient dies.



Causes

 

 



Symptoms

  


Risk Factors

 
  • People who do not practise safe sex, especially if their partners originate from areas of the world where HIV is widespread - Africa (south of the Sahara Desert), Asia and the Caribbean Islands.
  • Homosexual and bisexual men who do who not practise safe sex and have many different partners.
  • Women who have unprotected sex with many different partners, especially if these include bisexual men.
  • Men who have unprotected sex with many different partners.
  • Prostitutes who do not practise safe sex. Also at risk are their customers and these customers' other sexual partners.
  • Relationships in which one or both of the partners have many different partners.
  • Drug addicts who share needles.
  • Hospital workers who are at risk of pricking or cutting themselves with infected instruments or needles.
  • Children with an HIV-infected mother.
  • People who have had many blood transfusions.
     


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